A sequence analysis of behaviors in immersive virtual reality for indoor earthquake and post-earthquake evacuation

Behavioral sequence analysis (BSA) gives insights to understand and model individual behaviors. The present study uses BSA for a virtual earthquake. The virtual earthquake drill was facilitated by a head-mounted display (HMD)-based immersive virtual reality (IVR) system. Eighty-three participants experienced a full earthquake and post-earthquake evacuation in a virtual hospital building. Concurrent verbal protocol analysis (VPA) and retrospective video analysis of the footage of participants’ in-IVR behaviors have been conducted to identify the behavioral sequence of participants. As a result, behavioral transition diagrams are generated, showing the progression of behaviors exhibited in the virtual earthquake drill. A variety of behavioral paths for each individual participant is presented using a visual analytics approach. The behavioral transition diagrams and behavioral paths expose the full picture of human behaviors in an earthquake emergency, which are vital to developing behavior-oriented strategies for earthquake emergencies.Publishe

Estimating the urban atmospheric boundary layer height from remote sensing applying machine learning techniques

This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through projects CGL2015- 73250-JIN, CGL2016-81092-R, CGL2017-83538-C3-1-R ,CGL2017-90884-REDT and PID2020-120015RB-I00 and by the University of Granada through “Plan Propio. Programa 9 Convocatoria 2013. The financial support for EARLINET in the ACTRIS Research Infrastructure Project by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program through project ACTRIS-2 (grant agreement No 654109). The authors thankfully acknowledge the FEDER program for the instrumentation used in this work and the University of Granada that supported this study through the Excellence Units Program. COST Action TOPROF (ES1303), supported by497 COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology), is also acknowledged.This study proposes a new methodology to estimate the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height (ABLH), discriminating between Convective Boundary Layer and Stable Boundary Layer heights, based on the machine learning algorithm known as Gradient Boosting Regression Tree. The algorithm proposed here uses a first estimation of the ABLH derived applying the gradient method to a ceilometer signal and several meteorological variables to obtain ABLH values comparable to those derived from a microwave radiometer. A deep analysis of the model configuration and its inputs has been performed in order to avoid the model overfitting and ensure its applicability. The hourly and seasonal values and variability of the ABLH values obtained with the new algorithm have been analyzed and compared with the initial estimations obtained using only the ceilometer signal. Mean Relative Errors (MRE) between the ABLH estimated with the new algorithm and microwave radiometer show a daily pattern with their highest values during the night-time (stable situations) and their lowest values along the day-time (convective situations). This pattern has been observed for all the seasons with MRE ranging between −5% and 35%. This result notably improves those ABLH values derived by applying the gradient method to ceilometer data during convective situations and enables the Stable Boundary Layer height detection at night and early morning, instead of only Residual Layer top height. Finally, the model performance has been directly validated in three particular cases: clear-sky day, presence of low-clouds and dust outbreak event. In these three particular situations, ABLH values obtained with the new algorithm follow the pattern obtained with the microwave radiometer presenting very similar values, thus confirming the good model performance. In this way it is feasible by the combination of the proposed method with gradient method, to estimate Convective, Stable and Residual Boundary Layer height from ceilometer data and surface meteorological data in extended network that include ceilometer profiling.Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through projects CGL2015-73250-JIN, CGL2016-81092-R, CGL2017-83538-C3-1-R, CGL2017-90884-REDT and PID2020-120015RB-I00COST Action TOPROF (ES1303), supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology

Analysis of noise temperature sensitivity for the design of a broadband thermal noise primary standard

A broadband primary standard for thermal noise measurements is presented and its thermal and electromagnetic behaviour is analysed by means of a novel hybrid analytical?numerical simulation methodology. The standard consists of a broadband termination connected to a 3.5mm coaxial airline partially immersed in liquid nitrogen and is designed in order to obtain a low reflectivity and a low uncertainty in the noise temperature. A detailed sensitivity analysis is made in order to highlight the critical characteristics that mostly affect the uncertainty in the noise temperature, and also to determine the manufacturing and operation tolerances for a proper performance in the range 10MHz to 26.5 GHz. Aspects such as the thermal bead design, the level of liquid nitrogen or the uncertainties associated with the temperatures, the physical properties of the materials in the standard and the simulation techniques are discussed

Sustitución parcial de la leche bovina por caprina en la elaboración de helados cremosos

The objective of the research was to partially substitute bovine milk for goat milk to make creamy ice creams, for which work was done in triplicate with four treatments 0% (control), 10% (goat milk), 20% (goat milk) and 30% (goat's milk), in each treatment an analysis of pH, acidity, or Brix was carried out, a sensory evaluation was applied considering color, aroma , flavor, texture, acceptability and body attributes carried out by a panel made up of 15 evaluators previously trained using the 5-point Likert scale, which allowed determining the best treatment; the statistical analysis of the sensory evaluation determines that the T3 treatment with the addition of 30% goat's milk is the best qualified, for color 4.1, aroma 4.3, flavor 4.2, body 4.42, pH 6, 31, or Brix 30.20, hardness 3.83, it is concluded that the ice cream made with substitution of 30% goat milk meets the requirements established by the NTE INEN 706: 2013 Ice Cream Standard, therefore the type of milk used in the preparation of a creamy ice cream it is not a determining factor, so creamy ice creams can be made with goat's milk, obtaining a product of organoleptic acceptance and good qualityLa leche de cabra, por sus características, su valor biológico como substituto de la leche materna, permite que se recomiende para la elaboración de subproductos, por lo que el objetivo de la investigación fue sustituir parcialmente leche bovina por la leche caprina para elaborar helados cremosos, para esto se trabajó por triplicado con cuatro tratamientos 0% (testigo), 10% (leche de cabra), 20% (leche de cabra) y 30% (leche de cabra), en cada tratamiento se realizó  análisis de pH, acidez , oBrix,  se aplicó una evaluación sensorial considerando los atributos color, aroma, sabor, textura, aceptabilidad y cuerpo, realizada por un panel conformado por 15 evaluadores  aplicando la escala de Likert de 5 puntos; el análisis estadístico de la evaluación sensorial determina que el tratamiento T3 con adición del 30% de leche de cabra es el mejor calificado, para color 4,1 , aroma 4,3, sabor 4,2, cuerpo 4,42,  pH 6,31, oBrix 30 , dureza 3,83 lbf,  se concluye que el helado elaborado con sustitución del 30% de leche de cabra cumple con los requisitos establecidos por la Norma NTE INEN 706: 2013 Helados, por lo que se puede elaborar helados cremosos con leche de cabra obteniéndose un producto de aceptación organoléptica y buena calidad

Constraints on the χ_(c1) versus χ_(c2) polarizations in proton-proton collisions at √s = 8 TeV

The polarizations of promptly produced χ_(c1) and χ_(c2) mesons are studied using data collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC, in proton-proton collisions at √s=8  TeV. The χ_c states are reconstructed via their radiative decays χ_c → J/ψγ, with the photons being measured through conversions to e⁺e⁻, which allows the two states to be well resolved. The polarizations are measured in the helicity frame, through the analysis of the χ_(c2) to χ_(c1) yield ratio as a function of the polar or azimuthal angle of the positive muon emitted in the J/ψ → μ⁺μ⁻ decay, in three bins of J/ψ transverse momentum. While no differences are seen between the two states in terms of azimuthal decay angle distributions, they are observed to have significantly different polar anisotropies. The measurement favors a scenario where at least one of the two states is strongly polarized along the helicity quantization axis, in agreement with nonrelativistic quantum chromodynamics predictions. This is the first measurement of significantly polarized quarkonia produced at high transverse momentum

Search for chargino-neutralino production with mass splittings near the electroweak scale in three-lepton final states in √s=13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for supersymmetry through the pair production of electroweakinos with mass splittings near the electroweak scale and decaying via on-shell W and Z bosons is presented for a three-lepton final state. The analyzed proton-proton collision data taken at a center-of-mass energy of √s=13  TeV were collected between 2015 and 2018 by the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 139  fb−1. A search, emulating the recursive jigsaw reconstruction technique with easily reproducible laboratory-frame variables, is performed. The two excesses observed in the 2015–2016 data recursive jigsaw analysis in the low-mass three-lepton phase space are reproduced. Results with the full data set are in agreement with the Standard Model expectations. They are interpreted to set exclusion limits at the 95% confidence level on simplified models of chargino-neutralino pair production for masses up to 345 GeV